In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally a result of the insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, used as being a raw materials First melt (Czochralski system) [186]. Appropriately, dependant upon its generation know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://lithium-niobate-crystal27157.activosblog.com/31738513/the-single-best-strategy-to-use-for-lithium-niobate-crystal